{"id":12094,"date":"2020-06-30T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-30T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/?p=12094"},"modified":"2021-06-15T00:53:26","modified_gmt":"2021-06-15T08:53:26","slug":"perfect-studying-routine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2020\/06\/30\/perfect-studying-routine\/","title":{"rendered":"The Perfect Studying Routine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Previously, I explained the difference between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/?p=12070\">learning bounded and unbounded subjects<\/a>. School is bounded. Life is unbounded. The difference is critical.<\/p>\n<p>In today\u2019s lesson, I\u2019d like to shift from search strategies to routines. What\u2019s the best routine for studying?<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/5-ingredients_blog.png\" alt=\"The five ingredients to the perfect studying routine.\" class=\"wp-image-12099\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/5-ingredients_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/5-ingredients_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/5-ingredients_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The correct answer is that the perfect routine is one you can stick to and will let you reach your goals. Everyone has different personalities, constraints and preferences\u2014so the perfect routine will be different.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s true, but it\u2019s also unhelpful. Obviously some routines are better than others, even if we\u2019re all unique.<\/p>\n<p>Instead of specifying an exact routine\u2014let\u2019s look at the ingredients any such routine would have. Get the essential recipe right and the spices are up to you.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recipe for the Perfect Routine<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inline-podcast\">\n<small>Listen to this article<\/small><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" scrolling=\"no\" allow=\"autoplay\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/848276077&amp;color=%23219895&amp;inverse=false&amp;auto_play=false&amp;show_user=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" frameborder=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>There are five main ingredients to include in any studying schedule you could dream up:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Instruction<\/li>\n<li>Retrieval<\/li>\n<li>Spacing<\/li>\n<li>Understanding<\/li>\n<li>Feedback<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>There are few subjects where omitting one of these is safe. Conversely, get all five, and the rest is mostly fine-tuning. Let\u2019s look at each:<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Instruction \u2014 Avoid Trial-and-Error<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/instruction_blog.png\" alt=\"1. Instruction: Avoid trial-and-error.\" class=\"wp-image-12100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/instruction_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/instruction_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/instruction_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>This is the most obvious part. Instruction can be lessons, books or tutoring.<\/p>\n<p>The reason to have instruction is to avoid trial-and-error. For some subjects, the trial-and-error is so difficult that nobody seriously attempts learning it without help. Rediscovering Newton\u2019s Laws of Motion through personal experimentation is unlikely.<\/p>\n<p>But even in more typically self-taught subjects, instruction helps. Being shown the right way to swing a golf club, hold a paintbrush or conjugate a verb can save enormous time over random experimentation.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Retrieval \u2014 Knowledge in Your Brain, Not the Book<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/retrieval_blog_2.png\" alt=\"2. Retrieval -- Knowledge in your brain, not in the book.\" class=\"wp-image-12104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/retrieval_blog_2.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/retrieval_blog_2-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/retrieval_blog_2-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Retrieval means deliberately dredging up knowledge from your mind\u2014not just passively exposing yourself to it.<\/p>\n<p>Countless studies show <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0749596X06001367\">retrieval practice works better than passive review<\/a>. If you\u2019re going to use the knowledge in a specific place, practice in that place. Do practice tests, work on real problems and apply it.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Spacing \u2014 Once is Not Enough<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/spacing_blog.png\" alt=\"3. Spacing: Once is not enough.\" class=\"wp-image-12105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/spacing_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/spacing_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/spacing_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Spacing is the idea of repeated reviews, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2019\/02\/15\/memory\/#spacing\">spread out in time<\/a>. It\u2019s one of the most robust effects in cognitive psychology, benefiting many subjects.<\/p>\n<p>The mechanism is less clear. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2019\/02\/15\/memory\/#consolidation\">Consolidation<\/a> via deep sleep may play a role. Other theories suggest activating knowledge from different prior contexts makes more robust cues for retrieval (e.g. studying it from both your class and from home, gives two starting points to recall a fact.)<\/p>\n<p>Regardless of how it works, its effectiveness is certain. A good routine needs to cover old knowledge along with new.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Understanding \u2014 Never Memorize What Needs to Be Understood<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/understanding_blog.png\" alt=\"Understanding: Never memorize what needs to be understood.\" class=\"wp-image-12106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/understanding_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/understanding_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/understanding_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The goal of learning is for things to make sense. If something feels like an arbitrary collection of facts, that\u2019s a sign you aren\u2019t investing in understanding it.<\/p>\n<p>Failures to understand can be fixed. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FrNqSLPaZLc\">The Feynman Technique<\/a> remains my most popular studying advice. The method is simple: explain the confusing idea to yourself, as if you were teaching it. When you get stuck, find a textbook or teacher and you can now ask a much more specific question.<\/p>\n<p>Not all understanding needs formal methods. With understanding as a goal, you change how you learn. The question stops being, \u201cHow do I cram all of this into my head?\u201d and becomes, \u201cHow do I make all of this obvious?\u201d<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Feedback \u2014 Know Your Mistakes<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/feedback_blog.png\" alt=\"5. Feedback: Know your mistakes.\" class=\"wp-image-12107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/feedback_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/feedback_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/feedback_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Feedback is obviously useful. But there are some common misconceptions.<\/p>\n<p>The first is that feedback has to come from people. This is false. \u201cDid that work?\u201d can often be answered directly from the environment. Human feedback can introduce biases, delays and social difficulties, so it isn\u2019t always ideal.<\/p>\n<p>Flip the logic around: whenever you can get accurate feedback that doesn\u2019t need another person, get it there first.<\/p>\n<p>The other mistake is assuming feedback will fix all problems. Feedback helps, but only with the other four ingredients. Tons of feedback, unprocessed, can easily turn your studying routine into trial and error (omitting ingredient #1) or rote memorization (omitting #4).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fixing the Recipe<\/h2>\n<p>To perfect your studying routine, look at what you\u2019re doing now and see where your ingredients might be missing:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>You\u2019re an amateur painter, but you\u2019ve never taken a class<\/strong>. Reading books or watching people paint will give you new methods. Add instruction and you can grow a lot faster.<\/li>\n<li><strong>You learn history just by reading a lot<\/strong>. No retrieval or feedback. Why not try writing an essay or have conversations with other history buffs?<\/li>\n<li><strong>You work through a course, one lesson at a time<\/strong>. You get instruction, do practice problems and try to understand it all. So far so good. But you\u2019re missing spacing\u2014old units don\u2019t get reviewed until right before the exam, when you\u2019re already starting to forget. A ten-minute pop-quiz on previous topics can save hours of cramming.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Your Homework: Perfecting Your Studying Routine<\/h2>\n<p>Here\u2019s your homework for today:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pick something you\u2019ve been trying to learn.<\/li>\n<li>Go through each of the five ingredients. Which is missing or weak?<\/li>\n<li>What\u2019s one way you could add it in?<\/li>\n<li>Go to the comments page and write down your response!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Bookworms almost never miss #1 (instruction), but often miss #2 (retrieval). Practitioners get #3 (spacing) and #5 (feedback) for free, but may miss out on #1. A lot of improvements to your routine can come from simply hitting all five.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/rapid-learner-course.com\/\">Rapid Learner<\/a> is my six-week learning course. This course covers all of these ingredients in more depth, along with other strategies for improving how you learn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Previously, I explained the difference between learning bounded and unbounded subjects. School is bounded. Life is unbounded. The difference is critical. In today\u2019s lesson, I\u2019d like to shift from search strategies to routines. What\u2019s the best routine for studying? The correct answer is that the perfect routine is one you can stick to and will [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-12094","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-personal-development","7":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Perfect Studying Routine - Scott H Young<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The perfect studying routine has five ingredients: instruction, retrieval, spacing, understanding and feedback. 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