{"id":13061,"date":"2021-04-26T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-26T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/?p=13061"},"modified":"2021-04-30T04:22:04","modified_gmt":"2021-04-30T12:22:04","slug":"do-flashcards-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/26\/do-flashcards-work\/","title":{"rendered":"Should You Use Flashcards to Learn?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcards-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13072\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcards-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcards-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcards-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcards-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcards-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcards.png 1567w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Flashcards, especially in their digital incarnations, are some of the most powerful learning tools. They can also easily be a complete waste of time.<\/p>\n<p>Powerful, because <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Testing_effect\">retrieval<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spacing_effect\">spacing<\/a> are key to memory. If you want to learn a topic with a lot of stuff to memorize, flashcards will help you do it better than almost anything else. Mnemonics are trendy, but for medium-to-long-term purposes, <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1529100612453266\">flashcards are probably better<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s also easy to waste your time with flashcards. You can spend a lot of time memorizing something you don\u2019t need to, or fail to memorize the important things you do. Flashcard practice can also be a convenient way to avoid <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2020\/05\/04\/do-the-real-thing\/\">doing the real thing<\/a> you need to learn. Some subjects may not be amenable to flashcards at all.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s try to untangle these seemingly contradictory views\u2026<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In Favor of Flashcards<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inline-podcast\">\n<small>Listen to this article<\/small><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" allow=\"autoplay\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/1032659770&#038;color=%23219895&#038;inverse=false&#038;auto_play=false&#038;show_user=true\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>Flashcards work via simple retrieval practice. You have a question on one side, answer on the other. By trying to recall the answer before looking at the back, you strengthen the memory link between the one and the other in your mind.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/retrieval.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13073\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/retrieval.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/retrieval-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/retrieval-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>Retrieval practice is well known to be <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1529100612453266\">one of the most effective studying methods<\/a>. While flashcard study isn\u2019t the only way to practice retrieval, it can be a convenient one for subjects that are factually dense.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaced_repetition\">Spaced Repetition Systems<\/a> (SRS) such as <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.ankiweb.net\/\">Anki<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.supermemo.com\/\">Supermemo<\/a> enhance this basic technique by automatically scheduling reviews. The spacing effect, that repeated exposures spread out through time enhance memory, has been known <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forgetting_curve\">since the dawn of experimental psychology<\/a>. Once again, there\u2019s clear evidence spacing works.<\/p>\n<p>A common claim of SRS is that they optimally space out reviews. With an exponentially increasing delay between successful reviews, this allows you to keep adding new flashcards without the burden becoming unmanageable. While this review schedule is convenient, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/51129143_Spaced_Retrieval_Absolute_Spacing_Enhances_Learning_Regardless_of_Relative_Spacing\">scientific evidence isn\u2019t so clear-cut<\/a> as to it being better than evenly-spaced reviews.<\/p>\n<p>Flashcards also compare favorably to mnemonics, which is often what is taught in memory-enhancing courses. Mnemonics tend to be somewhat narrower in their applications, and since the rely on the declarative memory system, they may result in less automatic and enduring memories than repeated retrieval practice. (Of course, if you can do both, that\u2019s even better. But if I had to choose where to start I\u2019d go with flashcards first.)<\/p>\n<p>Flashcards have many passionate advocates online, so if you google around a bit for learning methods, you\u2019re likely to stumble across people who have made Anki their go-to tool for learning languages, medicine, math and more.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flashcard Failures<\/h2>\n<p>Okay, if flashcards are so useful, and the two principles on which they\u2019re based (retrieval and spacing) are so well-justified, what\u2019s the problem?<\/p>\n<p>There are a few major traps you can fall into when applying flashcards:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>You grab off-the-shelf flashcard decks, rather than make or edit your own.<\/li>\n<li>You design the cards badly. This leads to either memorizing useless stuff or failing to learn what you actually care about.<\/li>\n<li>Memorization substitutes for understanding.<\/li>\n<li>Flashcards substitute for doing real practice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at each of these pitfalls briefly.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Off-the-Shelf Flashcards<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/off-the-shelf_blog.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13074\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/off-the-shelf_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/off-the-shelf_blog-300x293.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>The appeal of a premade flashcard deck is obvious: making a deck takes time and so grabbing one off-the-shelf can save dozens of hours. The downside is less obvious. A lot of premade decks are terrible, and only work with considerable editing.<\/p>\n<p>One resource I used while learning Chinese characters was the Mastering Chinese Character decks. There were a series of ten of these and they benefited from having native audio and images. Plus there were a lot of cards\u2014well over 10,000 in total. <\/p>\n<p>Except the deck had numerous problems. The language was quite formal for beginners, resulting in me learning a lot of not-so-common ways to say things (and thus being misunderstood). There were also a subset of cards that went from single-character pronunciation to the written form. This doesn\u2019t work, because each sound in Mandarin represents multiple characters\u2014\u00e6\u02dc\u00af\u00ef\u00bc\u0152\u00e5\u00b8\u201a\u00ef\u00bc\u0152\u00e5\u00a3\u00ab are all common characters that are pronounced sh\u00c3\u00ac.<\/p>\n<p>I don\u2019t regret using this deck, but it did require a lot of editing (including filtering out the broken cards). Most of the time, however, you won\u2019t be so lucky. The decks you download will end up wasting you more time than making your own.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Bad Card Design<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/broken-card_blog.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13075\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/broken-card_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/broken-card_blog-300x293.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>There\u2019s a subtle art to designing a good flashcard:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Each question should have one and only one correct answer. (Something violated by my Chinese deck as mentioned.)<\/li>\n<li>Questions should either have as little unnecessary context as possible, or redundancy. A vocabulary word alone, or used within a few sentences (each on different cards) are better designs than a single sentence. Why? Because you learn to predict the answer based on the surrounding context even if that won\u2019t be there when you need to use it in real life.<\/li>\n<li>Questions should be simple. Complex problem solving isn\u2019t well-suited to flashcards. Better to break apart complex problems into multiple steps, or simply forego flashcards altogether in favor of solving real problems.<\/li>\n<li>Questions should be something you actually need. Just because you can memorize something doesn\u2019t mean you should.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A sloppy way of making flashcards is simply to copy and paste stuff from your classes into a Q&amp;A format. This can be fast, but it ends up making many cards that end up violating these rules. The result isn\u2019t memory but a mess.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Memorization Substituting for Understanding<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rote-memorize-cards_blog.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13076\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rote-memorize-cards_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rote-memorize-cards_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/rote-memorize-cards_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>I used to be a strong opponent of rote memorization. My views now have evolved, as I see that memory and understanding are probably on a continuum rather than distinctly different things. Knowing many facts is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aft.org\/periodical\/american-educator\/spring-2006\/how-knowledge-helps\">often needed for understanding<\/a>, and so flashcards shouldn\u2019t be seen as the enemy of insight.<\/p>\n<p>Nonetheless, there\u2019s often a tendency to take a difficult problem of understanding and try to replace it with a system of memorization. Difficulty in learning deep programming ideas, for instance, get swapped out by flashcards to memorize syntax. Except syntax is fairly easy to look up and ideas are fairly hard, so this has the priorities exactly backward.<\/p>\n<p>There do seem to be some people who can <a href=\"http:\/\/cognitivemedium.com\/srs-mathematics\">learn conceptual subjects through flashcards<\/a>. However, I\u2019m less optimistic that this is a generally good approach. For many deep subjects, solving lots of problems ought to be the first step, with flashcards used to master stubborn details that are often forgotten.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Doing Flashcards Instead of the Real Thing<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcard-not-practice_blog.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13077\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcard-not-practice_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcard-not-practice_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/flashcard-not-practice_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>Flashcard fetishization reaches an extreme in language learning circles. I say this being someone who has made decks with tens of thousands of cards.<\/p>\n<p>The logic seems to go like this: languages require a lot of memorization, flashcards are good for remembering things, therefore if I just do a lot of flashcards I\u2019ll be fluent in a language.<\/p>\n<p>The problem with the logic is the word \u201cjust\u201d, flashcards are great for memorization. But using a language is much more complex than just spitting out translations. Since actually speaking a language is more effortful than flashcards, typically, they can end up being a fake substitute to the real thing.<\/p>\n<p>My own experience with using flashcards in language learning has varied. I didn\u2019t use them much at all with Spanish, as I found I was able to remember words well enough from real conversations. I used them heavily while learning Mandarin, but always alongside real conversations. My more recent Macedonian project was in-between\u2014I made a much smaller deck of around 2000 cards which was really helpful for vocabulary, but my total time spent on flashcards was a distinct minority of my studying time.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Should You Use Flashcards?<\/h2>\n<p>If you\u2019ve never used spaced repetition systems before AND you have a memory-intensive subject to learn (language, law, medicine, etc.) the answer is probably yes. You should at least give them a shot because they really are vastly superior to the passive review techniques that students typically use.<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019ve tried them before and they didn\u2019t seem to appeal to you, chances are you either designed the cards badly or your judgement was correct and other forms of practice might be better. While there\u2019s always a risk of using a tool incorrectly and mistakenly thinking it doesn\u2019t work, there\u2019s also often excessive enthusiasm from devotees of a particular technique.<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re a flashcard aficionado, I would go forward, but with caution. Are you doing the real work to develop understanding in the areas that need it? In complex skills like speaking a language or medical diagnosis, are you using flashcards to supplement or substitute the real practice you need to get good?<\/p>\n<p>My feeling about flashcards is similar to my views on most learning methods. They work well when used appropriately. The trick is to have enough self-awareness and understanding of your subject to know what\u2019s appropriate and what\u2019s not.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Flashcards, especially in their digital incarnations, are some of the most powerful learning tools. They can also easily be a complete waste of time. Powerful, because retrieval and spacing are key to memory. If you want to learn a topic with a lot of stuff to memorize, flashcards will help you do it better than [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-13061","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-personal-development","7":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Should You Use Flashcards to Learn? - Scott H Young<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/26\/do-flashcards-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Should You Use Flashcards to Learn? - Scott H Young\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Flashcards, especially in their digital incarnations, are some of the most powerful learning tools. 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