{"id":13098,"date":"2021-03-23T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-23T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/?p=13098"},"modified":"2021-03-25T23:35:57","modified_gmt":"2021-03-26T07:35:57","slug":"neuroscience-motivation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2021\/03\/23\/neuroscience-motivation\/","title":{"rendered":"The Neuroscience of Motivation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2021\/03\/21\/inspiration-overrated\/\">last lesson<\/a>, I shared why it was important to think about success in terms of systems, not inspiration. This isn\u2019t because motivation isn\u2019t important\u2014rather it\u2019s because motivation is itself a kind of system. If you can understand it, you can change it.<\/p>\n<p>Success as systems may not be so dramatic, but the results speak for themselves. The steady accumulation of wealth, building of fitness and acquisition of skills aren\u2019t going to lead to any Oscar-worthy moments, but the outcome is a better life. Provided, of course, you master the processes that lead to them.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, a major challenge in making progress is that our brains simply aren\u2019t designed for a lot of the long-range goal-setting that\u2019s necessary for success.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Motivation Works Inside Your Brain<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inline-podcast\">\n<small>Listen to this article<\/small><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"20\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" allow=\"autoplay\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/1012423003&#038;color=%23219895&#038;inverse=false&#038;auto_play=false&#038;show_user=true\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<p>Inside your head, nestled deep behind your brain\u2019s neocortex is a relatively ancient part of the brain known as the basal ganglia. This little blob of tissue receives inputs from many different cortical regions, including your frontal cortex (thinking, working memory) and motor cortex (physical actions).<\/p>\n<p>The problem the basal ganglia solves is that our brains are massively parallel computing structures. Billions of neurons and trillions of synapses all firing independently. Yet, we need to take one and only one action at a time. Try to sit down while jogging and you\u2019ll probably fall.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-basal-ganglia_blog.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-basal-ganglia_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-basal-ganglia_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-basal-ganglia_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>How the basal ganglia accomplishes this is with a pattern called the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2020\/11\/02\/motivation\/#03-02\">motor loop<\/a>. Basically, it locks all actions by default. Only when an action gets enough support from dopamine-carrying neurons from the substantia nigra, does it go through. These dopaminergic neurons are trained to be reward-predictors\u2014anticipating which set of actions will lead to the best rewards.<\/p>\n<p>The circuitry guiding our thoughts and actions is exquisitely complicated. I\u2019ve only provided a crude summary. But it does have a big limitation\u2014our motivational impulses are remarkably short-term. As motivational researcher Piers Steel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2020\/12\/14\/procrastinate-expert\/\">commented in our interview<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A week is actually, motivationally a long, long way off. A couple days, yeah, that\u2019s pretty much it.<\/p>\n<p>Motivation comes with an eye-dropper when you want it, and a firehose at the end. What we want is a nice tall glass of motivation, but we don\u2019t really have that. We have this really messed up system.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>In brief, while we have an excellent system for predicting rewards and choosing the best action to take, the system is remarkably short-sighted. Messed up indeed.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Imagine Water Flowing Downhill<\/h2>\n<p>Neuroscience is fascinating, but it doesn\u2019t always give a visceral sense of the implications of this system. To that end, I\u2019d like to propose a visual metaphor that doesn\u2019t capture the full complexity of the computations going on, but gives a good gist.<\/p>\n<p>Imagine your motivation as water sitting on a hill. The action you take is determine by where the water flows. It doesn\u2019t take a physics doctorate to realize that the direction it flows is wherever the slope is the highest. Water flows downhill.<\/p>\n<p>Now, however, imagine that where you want to go is downhill, except there\u2019s a slight lip of land keeping the water flowing further. What happens in real life is obvious\u2014you get a puddle at the top of your mountain. Even if the water \u201cwants\u201d to flow to the bottom, it can\u2019t get over that little hump.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-downhill-flow_blog.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-downhill-flow_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-downhill-flow_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-downhill-flow_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>We can imagine our motivation similarly. We want to be rich, fit, smart and successful, but the action required in the short-term requires some effort\u2014it is motivationally uphill. Compared to other, immediately-rewarding alternatives, our impulse will be to procrastinate. Why work hard today for an uncertain future, when I can get an immediate dopamine hit from watching Netflix?<\/p>\n<p>One solution to this problem is simply to try to tilt the playing field. If your motivation is strong enough, temporarily, you might even be able to do it. I think of those <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=ball+bearing+maze&amp;client=firefox-b-d&amp;sxsrf=ALeKk02VPoNf8sXpcXGG4LUFPpuO7WULYw:1615929673679&amp;tbm=isch&amp;source=iu&amp;ictx=1&amp;fir=FvCjgasE_Kzj2M%252CaqTL1CVfuLs9lM%252C_&amp;vet=1&amp;usg=AI4_-kTnI2hoLkO2SW89ZGKDD32_FS8ggA&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj0w7mR37XvAhWpJTQIHW79CLAQ9QF6BAgEEAE&amp;biw=1440&amp;bih=695\">puzzle games<\/a> where you have to roll a ball bearing through a maze, but you can only do it by tilting the game as a whole.<\/p>\n<p>As a short-term solution this works. But often the little humps of motivation required aren\u2019t one-time, but continuous. Exercising isn\u2019t a single cost, but a small amount of effort every time you go to the gym.<\/p>\n<p>An alternative, then, is to smooth off the bumps. If you can reduce friction to your goal, the behavior you want to flow can be realized with a much smaller tilt.<\/p>\n<p>Another strategy is to dam up the easier paths. Reducing the salience of opportunities when you need to make progress on your goals can make them easier. If the easy escape route is momentarily blocked, you\u2019ll be more likely to flow downhill again.<\/p>\n<p>Even better is to design a new path for your goal. If you can have it more consistently pointed downhill, the water might flow of its own accord, no smoothing or damming required. The person who gets in shape doing an activity they love (dancing, skiing, hiking) they might not need nearly as much motivation to get started.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-motivation-fixes_blog.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13102\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-motivation-fixes_blog.png 600w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-motivation-fixes_blog-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2-motivation-fixes_blog-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Designing Better Goals<\/h2>\n<p>The analogy with water is an imperfect one. For one thing, water can only roll down in a few directions. The possible actions you can take in any moment is nearly infinite\u2014thus attention and beliefs also form constraints in that they limit which actions are even being considered at any particular moment.<\/p>\n<p>However, what I hope this idea illustrates is the skill of designing your motivational efforts. If you change the problem from, \u201chow do I motivate myself enough to reach this goal\u201d to, \u201chow can I design the goal so that motivation is automatic\u201d you\u2019ll end up making far more progress.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>This is the second part in a four-part lesson series. Click <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2021\/03\/21\/inspiration-overrated\/\">here<\/a> to read the first part. On Monday, March 29, 2021, I\u2019ll be opening a new session of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.make-it-happen-course.com\/\">Make It Happen!<\/a>, which builds on these ideas over six weeks with daily lessons and a framework for improving the systems you use to achieve results. I hope to see you there!<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the last lesson, I shared why it was important to think about success in terms of systems, not inspiration. This isn\u2019t because motivation isn\u2019t important\u2014rather it\u2019s because motivation is itself a kind of system. If you can understand it, you can change it. Success as systems may not be so dramatic, but the results [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-13098","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-personal-development","7":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Neuroscience of Motivation - Scott H Young<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How does motivation work in the brain? 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