{"id":8058,"date":"2018-12-20T10:45:05","date_gmt":"2018-12-20T17:45:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/?p=8058"},"modified":"2018-12-14T10:25:24","modified_gmt":"2018-12-14T17:25:24","slug":"two-mistakes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2018\/12\/20\/two-mistakes\/","title":{"rendered":"The Two Types of Mistakes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>There\u2019s a concept from statistics about the two types of mistakes you can make. These are, unhelpfully, referred to as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Type_I_and_type_II_errors\">type I and type II errors<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To examine the difference between the two types, imagine you have a blood test for a rare and deadly disease.<\/p>\n<p>There are four possible outcomes of the test.<\/p>\n<p>The first is a true positive\u2014you have the disease and the test shows you have the disease.<\/p>\n<p>The second is a true negative\u2014you\u2019re free of the disease, and the test says you don\u2019t have it.<\/p>\n<p>A type I error is a false positive\u2014you think you have the disease, but you actually don\u2019t.<\/p>\n<p>A type II error is a false negative\u2014the test says you\u2019re healthy, but you\u2019re actually going to die soon.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-001.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8059\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-001.png\" alt=\"Comparing Type I and Type II Errors\" width=\"800\" height=\"447\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-001.png 800w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-001-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-001-768x429.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>The Important Thing About Type I and Type II Errors<\/h2>\n<p>One of the important things to note is that the error rates of these two types of tests can be different. In other words, it\u2019s not simply the case that a blood test will be equally likely to make both types of mistakes. In fact, there\u2019s often a trade-off where one mistakes ends up being more likely.<\/p>\n<p>Consider a home pregnancy kid. These test for a hormone in the blood, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin\">human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)<\/a>, as a marker of pregnancy.<\/p>\n<p>These tests usually don\u2019t make Type I mistakes. If you have hCG in your urine, you\u2019re almost certainly pregnant.<\/p>\n<p>However, they can make Type II mistakes much more frequently. If you\u2019ve just recently conceived, for instance, your hCG levels may not be detectable by the device. It says you\u2019re not pregnant, but you actually are.<\/p>\n<h2>Choosing Your Mistake Trade-offs<\/h2>\n<p>Type I and Type II errors aren\u2019t restricted to medical scenarios. They happen nearly every time you make a decision.<\/p>\n<p>Suppose you think housing prices are going to keep going up in your neighborhood. You\u2019d better buy, or you\u2019ll soon miss out on the boom (or be unable to afford it). We can see the errors from before mapped onto this decision:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>True Positive: You buy a house and prices do go up. (Yay!)<\/li>\n<li>True Negative: You don\u2019t buy a house, but prices don\u2019t go up. (Phew!)<\/li>\n<li>Type I Error: You bought a house, but prices didn\u2019t go up. (Hmmm\u2026)<\/li>\n<li>Type II Error: You didn\u2019t buy a house, but prices did go up. (Ugh)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-002.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-8060\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-002.png\" alt=\"Two Mistakes Applied to Housing\" width=\"800\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-002.png 800w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-002-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/typei-ii-002-768x409.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Because we make decisions under uncertainty, there is never going to be a way of deciding that will avoid any chance of making a mistake. Therefore, considering the two types of mistakes, you can choose a strategy that can change the relative risks.<\/p>\n<h2>Do You Want More Type I or Type II?<\/h2>\n<p>Let\u2019s go back to our deadly disease example. Suppose now, that we have a cure for this disease, which only requires a small cost and annoyance. If you don\u2019t take the treatment, however, you\u2019ll almost certainly die.<\/p>\n<p>Here the costs of Type I and Type II mistakes are wildly different. Type I results in some unnecessary, but harmless treatment. Type II results in death.<\/p>\n<p>If the disease were prevalent enough, it may make sense to always get the treatment, regardless of whether the test shows you have the disease or not. The costs are just too high.<\/p>\n<p>What if we changed the parameters though? What if instead of dying, the disease only made you feel sick for a few days. And, the treatment, instead of a mild side-effect, was a painful series of injections?<\/p>\n<p>Now, we might even consider avoiding treatment, even if the test says we have the disease, since the cure is almost worse than the illness.<\/p>\n<h2>How to Adjust Your Decision Making to Avoid Costly Mistakes<\/h2>\n<p>One strategy is to always choose one course of action or another. Always take the medicine, even if the test shows no disease. Always avoid it, because getting sick isn\u2019t so bad.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, most decisions are somewhere in the middle. We need to adjust our actions based on what we learn, but we may not follow what we learn blindly. Because the costs of Type I and Type II errors are different, we may lean more optimistic or skeptical, depending on the situation.<\/p>\n<h3>Trade-Off Examples: Meditating and Investment Schemes<\/h3>\n<p>Consider my <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/blog\/2018\/11\/19\/meditation-thoughts\/\">recent article on meditating<\/a>. I mentioned how I spent some time meditating, found a large positive benefit from my retreat experience, but mixed results from a few months of meditation at home. What should I do?<\/p>\n<p>The Type I error here is that I think meditating is useful, but it does nothing (or is harmful). The cost here is that I end up wasting some time and effort in an activity that doesn\u2019t benefit me.<\/p>\n<p>The Type II error here is that I don\u2019t meditate, even though it is quite helpful. The cost here is that I miss out on the benefit, but I save some time.<\/p>\n<p>Since my experience says the potential benefit is quite high, compared to the cost, I\u2019m willing to risk Type I errors, to minimize Type II. In this sense, I lean optimistic, simply because excess skepticism is more dangerous.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, I tend to be a lot more skeptical when it comes to investment schemes. Losing all my money will hurt a lot more than gaining a little extra, so I\u2019d rather play it safe and be doubtful of real opportunities than gamble for a little bit more.<\/p>\n<h2>Applying this Principle<\/h2>\n<p>Look at the decisions you\u2019re currently making. What are the Type I errors (falsely believing in something that isn\u2019t real) and Type II errors (falsely denying something that exists) in your life. Which is more costly?<\/p>\n<p>The course of action you decide shouldn\u2019t just depend on what you think is more likely, but which is going to be more expensive if you\u2019re wrong. A higher asymmetry between the two types of mistakes should make you more optimistic\/cautious than what a neutral observation would imply.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Try this:<\/strong> Pick a decision you\u2019re working on right now and write down what the correct positive, correct negative, Type I and Type II errors for it would be as an exercise. Share your work in the comments!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There\u2019s a concept from statistics about the two types of mistakes you can make. These are, unhelpfully, referred to as type I and type II errors. To examine the difference between the two types, imagine you have a blood test for a rare and deadly disease. There are four possible outcomes of the test. The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[681],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-8058","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-nc-mindset","7":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Two Types of Mistakes - Scott H Young<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For every decision you make, there is not just one kind of mistake you can make but two. 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