{"id":1084,"date":"2013-09-15T20:46:53","date_gmt":"2013-09-16T04:46:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scotthyoung.com\/members\/?p=1084"},"modified":"2013-10-05T21:47:14","modified_gmt":"2013-10-06T05:47:14","slug":"day-6-the-routine-i-used-during-the-mit-challenge-to-learn-hard-classes-in-under-a-week","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/?p=1084","title":{"rendered":"Day 6: The routine I used during the MIT Challenge to learn hard classes in under a week"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">In the previous emails, we&#8217;ve mostly discussed tactics&#8211;smaller methods that help you solve a particular learning problem. Tools like these are important&#8211;the more you have, the more learning challenges you can overcome with confidence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Today, instead, I want to talk about strategy. In particular, the high-level approach I used when doing the MIT Challenge to learn classes in calculus, biology and engineering to pass exam just days after I first saw the material.<\/p>\n<p>This strategy applies whether you&#8217;re unsure how to tackle a hard class you have coming up, or whether there&#8217;s a subject you&#8217;ve always wanted to learn but have been daunted by the prospect of tackling it.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>I worked out this routine for tackling classes during the MIT Challenge, because I was acutely aware of the time constraints. With only a week or two to tackle each class, I needed to make sure every hour of time spent studying was the most efficient it could be. Too many hours wasted on less important tasks would have meant I failed the class.<\/p>\n<p>To implement this prioritization, I made a couple observations:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Coverage is generally inefficient. There are exceptions, but usually reading books and watching lectures is normally one of the most time consuming parts of learning anything. Therefore, any ways this could be whittled down would save me effort later.<\/li>\n<li>Self-testing is essential. As I explained yesterday, self-testing is one of the few methods with near universal agreement in its effectiveness as a learning tool. Self-testing also allowed me to pinpoint weaknesses that went unnoticed during coverage.<\/li>\n<li>A quick insight can save dozens of hours of reading and practice. Having the right mental picture to solve a problem can be worth more than hours of drills. Similarly, the right metaphor or mnemonic can drastically cut the time to remember a fact or idea.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>These observations allowed me to build a routine that I could use to tackle any class and prioritize my time to focus on the most important studying goals first.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3>The MIT Routine<\/h3>\n<p>This routine is fairly general, so I&#8217;d say it could work for many different types of classes, with a few modifications. During the MIT Challenge, I used this same template on classes as diverse as biology, chemistry, economics and programming.<\/p>\n<p>The basic strategy divides into three parts:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Coverage<\/li>\n<li>Practice<\/li>\n<li>Insight<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Part One &#8211; Coverage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When learning anything, you have to start by covering the material. This means reading the textbook, watching the lectures or getting tutoring. In order to learn anything, there must be a first introduction to the idea.<\/p>\n<p>The problem is that coverage is often inefficient. Many teachers are bad at explaining the topic or engaging with students. Textbooks are often boring or hard to connect to real examples. Even with good resources, listening and reading are passive learning strategies which are less efficient.<\/p>\n<p>Coverage, therefore, is a good candidate to eliminate possible waste:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Speed up lecture watching. I usually aim to increase the speed so that I can still follow the lecture, but that I&#8217;m not getting bored. Sometimes a lecturer&#8217;s speaking style doesn&#8217;t permit comprehensible speed-ups, but sometimes it does.<\/li>\n<li>Use flow-based notetaking. Another way to improve efficiency is to watch lectures normally, but take notes that facilitate increased comprehension. (We cover flow-based notetaking in Learning on Steroids)<\/li>\n<li>Active reading and speed reading. Both of these strategy can be used depending on the density of the book and what you need to extract from it.<\/li>\n<li>Don&#8217;t bulk re-read notes. Many students spend countless hours &#8220;reviewing&#8221; their notes. Unless you understood the material so badly that you&#8217;re better off starting from scratch, this is probably a waste of time. Selective re-reading from weak spots identified in parts 2 and 3 is more efficient.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>My goal during the MIT Challenge was to do coverage as quickly as I could still keep up with it. If it went fast enough that I no longer followed the professor&#8217;s reasoning, I slowed it down. If it was still easy enough to follow, I sped it up.<\/p>\n<p>Don&#8217;t do all your coverage in one burst. I did this for some classes in the MIT Challenge because I was doing them in such short time frames (&lt; 2 weeks). If it were anything longer, I&#8217;d mix practice in earlier which can give you feedback on whether you&#8217;re tackling lectures\/books too fast or too slow.<\/p>\n<p>This can be a hard balance to strike, but in many cases the savings can be worth it. For some classes I was able to cut my coverage time in half. A good rule of thumb was to try to minimize coverage to a third of my total studying time.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Part Two &#8211; Practice<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The next part of your routine should be regular practice to test yourself on the ideas. See the question book method from yesterdays&#8217; bootcamp email for a comprehensive way of implementing this in your studies.<\/p>\n<p>Practice serves two purposes. First, it is an excellent method for learning, by itself. Just doing a lot of practice will make you better at problem solving and it will cause you to learn more. For many types of learning, practice is how you will end up mastering the majority of the content.<\/p>\n<p>The second goal of practice is that it gives you feedback. Coverage generally doesn&#8217;t give you good feedback. Many students go through many lectures claiming they &#8220;understood&#8221; everything, but still bomb their final exams. Practice allows you to identify weak points and adjust ever other phase of learning.<\/p>\n<p>The type of practice you use will vary depending on what kind of subject you&#8217;re studying. The simple rule to remember when setting up practice sessions is that the closer the practice resembles the situation where you&#8217;ll actually use the idea, the better. Don&#8217;t do flashcards if you&#8217;re expected to solve problems. Don&#8217;t list facts if you&#8217;re expected to synthesize ideas in essay format.<\/p>\n<p>When I&#8217;m doing practice, I look for two things:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>My general ability with the course.<\/li>\n<li>My specific ability with course topics.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>If my general ability is quite low, meaning I&#8217;m failing way too many of my practice problems or self-quizzes, then I need to make broad adjustments. Slowing down the pace of coverage is one possible strategy, but I only recommend this if you felt lost while taking notes or reading. Another strategy is simply to do more practice&#8211;hard classes necessitate more preparation.<\/p>\n<p>However, sometimes your weaknesses will be more specific. You&#8217;ll do well in some areas, but struggle in others. For this, you should go back and specifically re-read the section you find difficult and use the methods I mentioned in days two and three of this bootcamp to seal those weak points.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Part Three &#8211; Insight<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Coverage plus practice will end up forming the bulk of your time, for most subjects. I found technical classes often required about 80% time spent in those two parts.<\/p>\n<p>However, often this wasn&#8217;t efficient enough. Simple coverage and repeated exposure to feedback can fix many weaknesses eventually, but for many it can take hours to solve a flaw in an approach that can be fixed more easily upstream. This is what the final part, insight, is for.<\/p>\n<p>Insight is a combination of three types of learning methods: mnemonics, general memory enhancers and deep explanations. In general, I don&#8217;t use these methods on every single thing I need to learn.<\/p>\n<p>Why? Because that&#8217;s often overkill. Many things can be remembered without needing something elaborate to remember them. Simply finding connections, making mental pictures and explaining ideas to yourself during the other two parts of the strategy is usually sufficient.<\/p>\n<p>However, when I do identify a stubborn weak point in practice, these methods can be invaluable in saving me time fixing the problem.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s cover each:<\/p>\n<p><em>#1 &#8211; Mnemonics<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This is the set of tactics I briefly outlined on the second day. I cover many others in more detail in Learning on Steroids, but that email should give you a rough idea of some of the possibilities.<\/p>\n<p>Basically, mnemonics are excellent when you need to memorize without significant understanding. Here are some things I&#8217;ve used, in actual classes, that benefited from such an approach:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Foreign language vocabulary words.<\/li>\n<li>Steps in an arbitrary sequence (such as glycolysis in biology)<\/li>\n<li>Dates, names and numbers (such as the signing dates of various treaties in legal classes)<\/li>\n<li>Distinguishing large quantities of similar, yet related ideas (such as molecules in organic chemistry)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Don&#8217;t use this when the weakness is understanding. Only when you can&#8217;t seem to remember the details of something that doesn&#8217;t need to be understood.<\/p>\n<p>Mnemonics can be quite fast, once you have a system in place, so it is the only insight strategy you could use on every fact, instead of just weak points (assuming, of course, that the information is the right format for the tool you&#8217;re using).<\/p>\n<p><em>#2 &#8211; General Memory Enhancers<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This is the set of tactics I described on the third day. The QAT method works well, here, but there are others in Learning on Steroids that sometimes work better such as compare and contrast, diagramming and anthropomorphization.<\/p>\n<p>The idea with general memory enhancers is that they give some of the benefits of mnemonics, but they also aid with understanding the deep structure of ideas. It&#8217;s safe to use metaphors, visceralization and other tactics like this on ideas you also need to understand, because you work to incorporate more than just the surface features.<\/p>\n<p>The downside of this generalization is that these methods are a little slower than mnemonics. That means I would focus on using them deliberately on the ideas that you&#8217;re struggling with.<\/p>\n<p>By deliberate, I mean, setting aside a chunk of your day to do this task and nothing else. Of course, if you come up with insights during practice or reading spontaneously, all the better. But using this method on every idea you have to learn individually is likely too time consuming for most studying efforts.<\/p>\n<p><em>#3 &#8211; Deep Explanations<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This final set of tactics is the opposite extreme of mnemonics, when the problem is almost exclusively a poor understanding (as opposed to a poor memory). The Feynman technique is a great method for this, as it allows you to build up an understanding of something that might completely baffle you.<\/p>\n<p>See the Feynman technique in action, here:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FrNqSLPaZLc\">http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FrNqSLPaZLc<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Another way to get this kind of insight is simply to do more research. Ask questions on forums, read pages on Wikipedia, KhanAcademy, YouTube or your library. Often finding a new explanation can fix a misunderstanding caused by your original source.<\/p>\n<p>This is the most time consuming method of the three, but it can still be much faster than doing endless practice problems if an insight isn&#8217;t forthcoming. I found it took me about an hour to do a Feynman technique really well, capturing the details of an understanding I lacked, but that hour would often give the benefits of dozens of practice problems.<\/p>\n<h3>Implementing the Strategy<\/h3>\n<p>It&#8217;s important to not think of these parts as steps, in a sequence, but components to the studying you do every day. Although you could, in theory, proceed from coverage to practice to insight, it usually doesn&#8217;t work best that way. A better implementation would be to do each of the three steps for small sections, as you move through the material. So each chapter or lecture, you would cover -&gt; practice and then do any insight steps if necessary.<\/p>\n<p>The added advantage of doing the three steps for small chunks is that you can quickly get feedback on your coverage strategy. I&#8217;ve had classes where I didn&#8217;t realize how the material would be tested, so I paid attention to the wrong things in the lecture or textbook, and didn&#8217;t emphasize the parts that were important.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-<\/p>\n<h3>Day Six Homework<\/h3>\n<p>For today, I want you to see how you can organize your studying time according to the coverage -&gt; practice -&gt; insight routine. Here&#8217;s what I want you to do:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Take a chapter from one of your textbooks (or a single lecture video). If you don&#8217;t have one available, check out a course on edx.org for practice.<\/li>\n<li>Apply the coverage -&gt; practice -&gt; insight to the chapter. For practice, use the question book method if no problems are available. For insight, use the techniques we described in days 2, 3 or the video link I shared in this email on the Feynman technique.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Then hit REPLY and write down in one sentence, what you studied and which insight method you used to secure some of the ideas.<\/p>\n<p>Best,<br \/>\n-Scott<\/p>\n<p>P.S. &#8211; Tomorrow will be the final day in the bootcamp, where I&#8217;ll cover the most important step you can take to become a better learner. After, on Wednesday, I&#8217;m going to reopen Learning on Steroids for everyone who wants to continue getting emails and strategies like these.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the previous emails, we&#8217;ve mostly discussed tactics&#8211;smaller methods that help you solve a particular learning problem. Tools like these are important&#8211;the more you have, the more learning challenges you can overcome with confidence. Today, instead, I want to talk about strategy. In particular, the high-level approach I used when doing the MIT Challenge to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1084"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1084"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1084\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1099,"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1084\/revisions\/1099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1084"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.scotthyoung.com\/members\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}